The aha moments behind scaling silicon qubits to a million

Mm.

Thank Perfect. Awesome. Thank you very much. And it's been an incredibly enlightening discussion so far as well. I must say it's really interesting. From my personal perspective, it feels like you go from quite soft to very steely in your determination when talking about certain things, particularly in the fact that it's just like, we will succeed, we will do this. There is no other path. And I really admire that to kind of echo Nihal sentiments. One question we do have that's come through during the course of the conversation so far, which is what is the threshold in the technology in your mind that will allow scaling similar to semiconductors? What's the aha moment or the it's not a bubble, this is happening, has that already happened? So if you could just, I guess, expand on that a little bit. And that's from a fact within the group.

in Mm-hmm. you Yeah, great question. There's been a few aha moments that have already happened. And those key points are basically like important ingredients you need to be able to build a quantum computer. you know, one of those ingredients is, first of all, can you make a qubit? Is it even possible to make a qubit in a silicon chip?

Yes.

Thankfully, people did that, you know, like over a decade ago, famously Andrea Morello did it in 2010, where he was able to read out an individual electron spin in a silicon chip, like singly. The next question is, well, how good can that qubit be? Is that qubit reliable enough that you can take out errors in your system faster than you're introducing them? and those requirements were satisfied a few years ago by multiple labs across different semiconductor, which are silicon, silicon, germanium, union. So then the next requirement is how do we scale this thing? And we know manufacturing-wise it is possible to scale silicon chips to have hundreds of millions of transistors or billions of transistors in the palm of your hand in terms of size. So the fabrication is possible. But then it's almost like the gap from today to there. And I think this is where it's kind of like why it's taking so long. And the aha moment is actually, think, now how we approach the problem. So rather than building one-off hero devices saying, look, I have one qubit and then next year I'm going to build a device where I can show two qubits. And then the next year I'm going to show three qubits. That just scales linearly. What you want to be doing is from the outset thinking, well, we need a million qubits minimum. So what systems do we need to build in place now to get to that million qubit mark? I want a server rack. What does my server rack need to look like? I need one transistor. Let me scale that one transistor to the two to a billion to then a server rack. And that process is very much an engineering challenge because now you're thinking of things that you didn't need to think before, cooling requirements. ⁓ algorithm and compilation, ⁓ size, power requirements. There are some systems that, given the power required, just seems ridiculous that they'll ever be built, but you never know, it is possible. Human beings, know, give them an incentive and they will do it, if the incentive is good enough. And I think that almost the aha moment is how we approach that problem. I think there's only a handful of companies that already thinking on that level. Sci Quantum is probably one of the best examples of that. And I think we are the next also thinking that way too.